GREAT SYSTEM INDUSTRY CO. LTD Cases

Comprehensive Analysis of Core Parameters of Water Quality Analyzers: Understanding the Significance Behind Indicators such as pH, ORP, and Conductivity Water quality safety is a critical issue for environmental protection and human health. Water quality analyzers provide a scientific basis for water quality assessment through the detection of multiple key parameters. This article deeply analyzes the meanings and application scenarios of core parameters in water quality analyzers, including pH, ORP, conductivity, residual chlorine, total chlorine, DO, and COD. 1. pH Value: The Acid-Base Scale of Water Bodies Definition: The pH value reflects the acid-base balance of water bodies, ranging from 0 (strongly acidic) to 14 (strongly alkaline), with 7 being neutral.Significance: Drinking Water Standards: 6.5–8.5. Excessive or insufficient pH can inhibit microbial activity and affect the water's self-purification capacity. Industrial Applications: For example, pH must be controlled in boiler water to prevent corrosion, and adjusting pH in wastewater treatment can optimize reaction efficiency. 2. ORP (Oxidation-Reduction Potential): An Indicator of Water Oxidizing Capacity Definition: ORP is measured in millivolts (mV) and evaluates the oxidizing or reducing properties of water. Higher positive potentials indicate stronger oxidizing capacity.Application Scenarios: Disinfection Effect Monitoring: During residual chlorine disinfection, the ORP value must exceed 650 mV to ensure sterilization efficacy. Ecological Assessment: A decrease in ORP in natural water bodies may indicate organic pollution or intensified microbial activity. Electrode Selection: Platinum electrodes are ideal for ORP measurement due to their strong corrosion resistance and fast response. 3. Conductivity: A "Barometer" for Dissolved Salts Definition: Conductivity reflects the total ionic content in water, measured in μS/cm. Pure water has extremely low conductivity, while higher salt content leads to higher values.Functions: Water Quality Classification: Differentiates seawater (high conductivity), drinking water (medium-low conductivity), and ultrapure water (close to 0). Pollution Warning: A sudden increase in conductivity may signal industrial wastewater or salt leakage pollution. 4. Residual Chlorine and Total Chlorine: Dual Safeguards for Disinfection Efficiency Residual Chlorine: Free active chlorine (such as hypochlorous acid) in water, directly determining sustained bactericidal capacity. The standard limit for drinking water is 0.3–4 mg/L. Total Chlorine: Includes free chlorine and combined chlorine (such as chloramines), used to assess whether the total disinfectant dosage meets standards. 5. DO (Dissolved Oxygen): The "Lifeblood" of Aquatic Ecosystems Definition: The amount of dissolved oxygen in water, measured in mg/L, affected by factors such as temperature and salinity.Ecological Significance: Aquatic Organism Survival: When DO is below 2 mg/L, fish may suffocate and die. Pollution Indicator: A sharp drop in DO often accompanies organic pollution (such as increased COD), leading to intensified oxygen consumption. 6. COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand): An "Alarm" for Organic Pollution Definition: An indicator measuring water pollution by organic matter—the higher the value, the more severe the pollution.Risks: Oxygen Depletion: High COD causes water hypoxia and disrupts ecological balance. Health Risks: Enriched through the food chain, it may trigger chronic poisoning in humans. Conclusion: Comprehensive Monitoring Through Multi-Parameter Linkage Modern water quality analyzers often integrate multi-parameter detection functions. Through cross-analysis of data such as pH, ORP, and conductivity, they can comprehensively assess water quality and health status.

A. Core Selection Parameters 1. Measurement Type Gauge Pressure: For conventional industrial scenarios (referenced to atmospheric pressure). Absolute Pressure: For vacuum or sealed systems (referenced to vacuum zero point). Differential Pressure: For flow and liquid level monitoring (e.g., orifice plate flowmeters). 2. Range Best Practice: Conventional operating pressure should account for 50%–70% of the range (e.g., select a 0–16 bar range for an actual pressure of 10 bar). Overload Capacity: Reserve a 1.5× safety margin (e.g., select a 0–25 MPa range for a peak pressure of 24 bar). 3. Accuracy Class General Scenarios: ±0.5% FS (e.g., process control). High-Precision Requirements: ±0.1%–0.25% FS (e.g., laboratories or energy metering). 4. Process Connections Threaded Type: 1/2"NPT, G1/2, M20×1.5 (for medium-low pressure scenarios). Flange Type: DN50/PN16 (for high-pressure or corrosive media). 5. Medium Compatibility Contact Materials: General Media: 316L stainless steel diaphragm. Strongly Corrosive Media: Hastelloy C276, tantalum diaphragm. Sealing Materials: Fluororubber (≤120℃), polytetrafluoroethylene (acid/alkali resistant). B. Environmental and Signal Requirements 1. Output Signals Analog Type: 4–20mA + HART (compatible with most PLC/DCS systems). Digital Type: RS485 Modbus, PROFIBUS PA (requires matching control system protocols). 2. Power Supply Standard: 24VDC (two-wire loop power supply). Special: 12–36VDC wide voltage (for vehicle-mounted or unstable power grids). 3. Protection and Certifications Protection Rating: IP65 (dust/waterproof for outdoor use), IP68 (submersible conditions). Explosion-Proof Certification: Ex d IIC T6 (for flammable and explosive environments). Industry Certifications: SIL2/3 (safety instrument systems), CE/ATEX (EU mandatory). C. Scenario-Based Selection Recommendations 1. Liquid Pressure Measurement (e.g., Water Treatment) Selection Key Points: Flat diaphragm structure (anti-clogging). Optional flush ring design (to handle impurities) Range covers static pressure + dynamic pressure peaks 2. Gas Pressure Monitoring (e.g., Compressed Air) Selection Key Points: Built-in damping adjustment (to suppress pulsation interference) Optional absolute pressure type (to avoid impacts from atmospheric pressure fluctuations) 3. High-Temperature Media (e.g., Steam) Selection Key Points: Diaphragm materials with temperature resistance ≥200℃ (e.g., ceramic) Install radiators or capillary extensions d. Pitfalls to Avoid 1. Range Misconceptions Avoid selecting an excessively large or small range: An overly large range reduces accuracy, while an undersized range is prone to overpressure damage. 2. Medium Compatibility For strongly corrosive media (e.g., chlorine gas, concentrated sulfuric acid), must verify diaphragm materials with reference to the 

The LNG company was interested in exploring maintenance strategy optimization as a means to accomplish their business objectives, such as reducing risk, improving production, and as a result, achieving better cost-effectiveness. Additionally, the company was experiencing new failure modes in their turbines, pumps, and fin fans, causing equipment failures and threatening unplanned shutdowns. Lacking the internal resources to complete the review, the company engaged ARMS Reliability to conduct a large-scale, two-part study – one part focused on Reliability Centered Maintenance and the other focused on Preventive Maintenance Optimization – to help them improve asset reliability. The company wanted ARMS to: help reduce the business’ costs and risks by optimizing their asset-management strategies; create maintenance strategies for their valves; deliver new strategies as computerized maintenance management system [CMMS] load sheets; identify flaws and defects within the existing preventive maintenance programs for turbines, pumps, and fin fans; determine new possible failure modes for this equipment; and update the organization's existing strategies for cost-effectiveness. ARMS Reliability's objectives for the study included: reducing the number of corrective work orders optimizing total work hours required to maintain equipment improving reliability performance for key assets optimizing maintenance strategies for high-priority systems Solutions The client chose ARMS Reliability based upon its technical expertise and proven experience optimizing maintenance strategies on projects in the oil & gas and petrochemical industries. ARMS’ solutions for maintenance-task development have been demonstrated to be 2-6x more efficient than traditional approaches, and ensure operating context is considered in failure-mode mitigation. Image       STUDY 1: Reliability-Centered Maintenance To begin the RCM study, ARMS Reliability gathered information about the company’s existing asset-maintenance strategies for their Waste Water, Heat Exchanger, and Fired Heater systems, including spares, routines, and resources.   Working with the company’s experienced site planners, engineers, and technicians, the ARMS team identified critical assets based upon their necessity to business delivery, as well as the equipment already aligned with the organization’s process safety, environmental, and production performance objectives.   Using this data, ARMS developed various strategy models, including options for valve maintenance, and simulated and optimized high-risk failure modes. Once optimized tasks were defined, they were grouped into logical job plans and preventive maintenance programs, which were presented to the company in the required format for loading to their Maximo CMMS.   The ARMS team ran comparisons of three different strategic scenarios – run-to-failure, as-is, and optimized – and plotted the results from each strategy to illustrate the benefits of proper maintenance and optimized strategies. This simulation-based analysis also enabled forecasts to be generated, such as labor profiles, maintenance budgets, and spare usage. ARMS applied RCM methodology using simulation software to balance the cost of business risk with the cost of maintenance performance, ensuring the most cost-effective and risk-optimized maintenance strategy.   Ultimately, ARMS optimized 20% of the company’s highest-cost failures, demonstrating to the company exactly where and to what degree they were over-maintaining their assets, as well as how to improve their maintenance strategies so that the company attains the lowest costs of business risk and maintenance performance.   STUDY 2: Preventive-Maintenance Optimization For its PMO study, ARMS Reliability applied PMO methodology to determine defects and flaws in the existing preventive maintenance [PM] program for the company’s turbines, pumps, and fin fans. ARMS also sought to find new possible failure modes for each type of equipment, as unexpected failure modes kept appearing, causing failures and threatening shutdowns.   The ARMS team reviewed all the corrective data from the company’s Maximo CMMS in order to generate new or improve existing PM tasks. The result was the identification of new failure modes, which will later be used to develop a set of new maintenance-task recommendations for the business’ existing PM program.   Benefits   Serious Cost Savings ARMS’ Reliability-Centered Maintenance study resulted in $135 million in cost savings over the next decade for the company, – including spares, labor, and financial effects, as well as the implementation of recommended PM tasks for the valves in each system: $115 million in potential savings for the Waste Water System, a 59% cost cut $11 million in savings for the Fired Heaters System, a 52% cost cut $9 million in savings for the Heat Exchanger System, a 54% cost cut. Asset Failure Protection Through its Preventive-Maintenance Optimization study, ARMS identified 265 potential equipment failure modes – 144 for fin fans, 105 for turbines, and 16 for pumps. The ARMS team then provided a list of new or improved preventive-maintenance tasks designed to help the company avoid asset failures and unplanned shutdowns.   Improved Maintenance Approach Using ARMS Reliability’s asset strategy management approach, the company now knows where to focus cost-reduction efforts, including areas where they had been over-maintaining. They now have the information to conduct the proper maintenance tasks at the correct intervals – as well as the understanding of why they should perform maintenance this way. This helps shift onsite personnel mindset to a more proactive, reliability-centered approach.

Guided wave radar is the ideal technology to measure level in liquids or bulk solids across a number of industries in a variety of process conditions. These sensors are unaffected by changing pressure, temperature, or a product’s specific gravity. And unlike other technologies, foam, dust, and vapor will not trigger inaccurate readings or errors, either. Guided wave radar provides accurate, reliable level measurement without ongoing maintenance or recalibration. And with no moving parts, it’s the ideal solution for retrofitting mechanical technology.   How it works Guided wave radar level measurement comes from time domain reflectometry. This technology has allowed people to find breaks in underground or in-wall cables for decades. It works like this: a low amplitude, high-frequency microwavepulse is sent into a transmission line or cable, and the device calculates distance by measuring the time it takes for the pulse to reach the break in the line and return. The same principle applies for a guided wave radar sensor. A probe is mounted onto the tank, vessel, or pipe where a measurement is needed. A microwave pulse is “guided” downward by the probe where a portion of the pulse will be reflected by the solid or liquid material being held in the tank. The amount of time it takes for the pulse to be transmitted and returned determines the level inside the vessel being measured. Conductive materials reflect a large proportion of the transmitted energy while non-conductive materials reflect a small portion. The reflective properties of what’s being measured can determine the effectiveness of this type of measurement. Since its invention, guided wave radar has been used to measure level in industries ranging from food and beverage to chemical and refining.   Types of probes Guided wave radars use a number of different probes to make their measurements. Each different probe has its own purpose and advantages. Some are better for making measurements in liquids or solids. Others work better with lower reflectivity materials, thick foam, excessive buildup, or corrosive and abrasive materials. These probes commonly come in customizable lengths, so finding the right length for differently sized vessels is relatively easy. Advantages Setup and configuration for guided wave radars are about as simple as they come. VEGA guided wave radars are ready out of the box, configured at the factory for the probe’s operating span. Users only need to install the sensor and go through the guided setup procedure to begin receiving accurate measurements within 2 mm. Guided wave radars need no additional calibration. Other technologies require users to empty the tank to show the sensor different levels like 0%, 50%, and 100%. This can be time consuming and expensive. Lastly, guided wave radar has no moving parts. Pressure sensors, floats, and displacers all have mechanical parts that can wear out, which means additional maintenance and another calibration. All of this means less time and money spent on setup, maintenance, and troubleshooting. Unlike other sensors, guided wave radar feels right at home in tight spaces like pipes, stilling wells, small chambers, and bypass tubes. The very nature of their guided signal allows an accurate measurement where other sensors cannot go. These sensors can measure in a number of process conditions and still make accurate measurements regardless of the environment. This means guided wave radar sensors won’t fail with changes in temperature, pressure, or specific gravity. These sensors are also immune to dust, excessive foam, buildup, and noise, making them an ideal sensor across a number of industries. Guided wave radar is also the ideal choice for measuring interface simply because of how it works. The emitted microwave pulses are constantly traveling down and up the length of the probe. Most of the energy bounces back near the surface of what is being measured, and a level is calculated. Since the remaining energy continues to flow down the probe and through the liquid, the sensor will receive a second level reading, giving the user a measurement of the interface point. All that’s needed is an additional calculation for the amount of time it takes for a pulse to travel through the different liquids.

Aggressive media, explosion hazard, and extremely strict safety requirements – the chemical industry does not allow quality deficits. VEGA offers world-class measurement technology for level and pressure. When it comes to explosion protection, safety and security, this technology makes no compromises       Explosion protection: Reliable measurement in all zones Explosive gases or dust-air mixtures can arise in almost any plant in the chemical-pharmaceutical industry. Whether ATEX, IECEx or FM and CSA: VEGA transmitters are available with various types of ignition protection for all Ex zones and with almost all explosion protection certificateSafety: High process safety up to SIL3 VEGA transmitters are certified in compliance with SIL2. SIL3 can also be achieved with a redundant configuration. This makes it especially easy to integrate the transmitters into safety-relevant automation systems without extensive changes or adaptations. Cyber Security: OT Security by Design In the chemical industry, cyber threats are now also reaching transmitters at the field level. VEGA counters these threats with technical measures, security standards and a targeted development strategy. Secure communication, development processes in accordance with IEC 62443, encrypted data transmission and authentication ensure the greatest possible cyber securit Second Line of Defense: A new level of safety Safe processes require dependable measurement data. VEGA’s “Second Line of Defense” secures chemical processes by means of an additional gas-tight separating element between the electronics compartment and the sensing element. Even in the event of a leak, hazardous substances remain in the process itself and the electronics remain intact to detect the leak.

Coriolis sensor (general remarks) Some general remarks concerning all Coriolis sensors: • Dual-tube design / single-tube design • Dual-tube instruments are intrinsically balanced against external disturbances because the tube movements compensate each other. • Endress+Hauser puts extra effort into the design of single-tube instruments. With competitor’s single-tube instruments, vibration immunity is often a weak point. • Material choice • Stainless steel has a relatively large thermal expansion coefficient (= reacts to temperature raise with high expansion). If a steel meter is specified above 100 ºC, it has to feature bent tubes in order to avoid material damage due to thermal expansion stress. The same applies to most alloy materials (Hastelloy C). • Titanium has a lower thermal expansion coefficient. All straight tube meters specified above 100 ºC are made of titanium. Overview of calculated values • V=Volume flow V=m/r • VN=Normvolume flow = Volume flow at fixed p and T VN= m/rN (note: rN is a fixed value for each fluid) • c=Concentration Concentration can be calculated from density  see specific training (advanced module) • n=Viscosity Viscosity can be calculated from oscillation damping. Viscosity measurement is only available with the Promass I sensor   Advantages of Coriolis Mass Flowmeter • Measurement of Conductive and Non-Conductive Liquids • Standardisation on single flow technology • Mass measurement independent of Temperature • Improved process control and stability due to eliminating of temperature influence • High accuracy / High repeatability • Improved process control due to reduction in fluctuation of measured value • Measurement independent of viscosity and density changes • High process stability with changing fluid properties • High Operating Range • Improved process control also at low flow condition • No moving parts • Reduced maintenance cost due to reduced wear and tear and improved operating time  

Ensure plant availability and safe, precise fuel transfer with metering skids for truck, rail & ship   Fuel oil is vital to the Power and Energy industry, driving turbines, internal combustion engines, and steam boilers. It also powers start-up and auxiliary burners in coal-fired plants. Endress+Hauser experience and expertise in custody transfer flow metering enables plant operators to improve quantity and quality measurement, and efficiency when unloading this costly and hazardous resource. Plant availability, operational and environmental safety, and maintenance operations are also enhanced.

Efficient water quality monitoring for maximum safety and smoothly running processes   Without water, there is no power plant operation and no energy production. Therefore, process water treatment, desalination, condensate polishing and cooling water must be constantly monitored. The reuse of water also plays a decisive role. It saves costs and resources in the long term. Reliable monitoring of the process water quality is indispensable. Endress+Hauser offers flexible and low-maintenance solutions that ensure cost-effective monitoring, maximum availability and accessibility.