The performance indicators of on-line analytical instruments cover a broad range of meanings, but can generally be divided into two categories.
One category of performance indicators is related to the working range and operating conditions of the instrument. The working range mainly refers to the measurement object, measurement range, etc. Operating conditions include environmental requirements, sample conditions, power and gas supply specifications, the instrument's explosion-proof performance and ingress protection rating, among other parameters.
The other category of performance indicators is associated with the analytical signal of the instrument, namely the response value of the instrument. These indicators mainly include sensitivity, limit of detection, repeatability, accuracy, resolution, stability, linear range, response time, etc.
Limit of detection: Refers to the minimum content or minimum concentration of the target analyte required to generate an analytical signal that confirms the presence of the measured substance in the sample. It is a fundamental indicator that characterizes and evaluates the detection capability of the analytical instrument.
Repeatability: Also known as repeatability error. It refers to the deviation between multiple analytical results of the instrument when all operating conditions remain unchanged.
Precision: Refers to the degree of mutual agreement between individual measured values obtained through repeated determinations of the same quantity. It represents the magnitude of random errors during the measurement process, and is generally characterized by the standard deviation.
Instrument accuracy: Refers to the degree of agreement between the average value of multiple measurements and the true value under specified measurement conditions, representing the ability of the instrument's indicated value to approach the true value. Instrument accuracy is also referred to as precision, often shortened simply as "precision".
Resolution: Also known as resolving power or resolution capability. It refers to the ability of the instrument to distinguish the closest adjacent indicated quantity values.
Stability: Refers to the ability of the instrument to maintain its metrological characteristics unchanged under specified operating conditions. For analytical instruments, stability mainly describes the variation characteristic of the instrument's response value over time, and can be characterized by noise and drift.
Linear range: Refers to the maximum linear interval spanned by the calibration curve, used to represent the adaptability to the content or concentration of the measured component. A wider linear range is always more desirable for analytical instruments.
Linearity: Also called linearity error or non-linear error. It generally refers to the maximum deviation between the instrument's output curve and the corresponding fitted straight line, expressed as a percentage ratio of this deviation to the instrument's full measurement range.
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